가정법

가정법                                    

1. 가정법 공식 일람표
 

	조건절 (종속절)	귀결절 (주절)
가정법 과거	If + S + 과거형 동사 (were.....) ∼,	S + 조동사의 과거형 + VR
가정법 과거완료	If + S + had + pp ∼,	S + 조동사의 과거형 + have + pp
가정법 현재	If + S + V(현재형, 원형) ∼,	S + 조동사의 현재형 + VR
가정법 미래	If + S + should (would) + VR ∼,	S + 조동사 + VR

2. 가정법 과거

1) 현재사실에 반대되는 가정을 나타낸다.

- 해석은 현재로 하고 be동사는 인칭에 관계없이 were를 쓴다.

If + S + were (had, did....) ∼,  S + would (should, could, might) + VR.

• If I were rich, I would go abroad.

  = As I am not rich, I will not go abroad.

• If I were you (=Were I you), I would not believe what he says.

• If I were not Alexander, I would like to be Diogenes.

• If I had the book, I could lend it to you.

  = As I don't have the book, I can not lend it to you.

• Perhaps it would be better if you told him the facts.

• As I am ill, I cannot go there. (직설법 현재)

  = If I were not ill, I could go there. (가정법 과거)

  = Were I not ill, I could go there. (if를 생략할 경우 - 주어와 동사가 도치됨)

  = But for ( = Without ) my illness, I could go there.

  = If it were not for my illness, I could go there.

  = Were it not for my illness, I could go there.

- But for, Without은 "∼이 없다면"의 뜻으로, 가정법 과거에서 If it were not for∼로 고칠 수 있다.

- 가정법에서 if를 생략할 경우에 주어와 동사가 도치되는데 had, were, should, would, could, might는 주어 앞으로 나갈 수 있으나, 기타 일반동사는 주어 앞으로 나갈 수 없으므로 조동사 did를 써서 앞으로 내보낸다.

2) even if의 뜻

- 가정법은 경우에 따라 even if (양보)의 뜻으로 번역할 경우가 있다.

• Had I a mind of money, I would not indulge in such luxuries.

  = (Even) If I had a mind of money, I would not indulge in such luxuries.

• Did I possess enough money, I would not lend money to such a man.

  = (Even) If I possessed enough money, I would not ∼.

3) 가정법을 포함하는 관용 표현

① It is (high) time (that) + S + 과거동사 ⇒ 긴급사항, 당연, 필요, 재촉.

- It is time 다음에 계속되는 형용사절에 가정법 과거를 써서『당연.필요』를 나타낸다.

• It is time (that) you went to bed.

  = It is time (that) you should go to bed.

  = It is time for you to go to bed.

② had better + VR : 『∼하는게 좋다』

• You had better go at once.

  = It would be better for you to go at once.

• You had better have gone at once.

  = It would be better for you to have gone at once. (너는 즉시 갔으면 좋았는데.)

③ I would rather,  I had rather ∼: 『차라리 ∼하고 싶다.』

• I would rather die than surrender.

• I'd rather have tea than coffee.

④ as it were : 『말하자면』 = so to speak

• He is, as it were, a grown-up baby.

• He is, as it were, a walking dictionary.

3. 가정법 과거완료

1) 과거의 사실에 반대되는 가정을 나타낸다. 따라서 해석은 과거로 한다.

If + S + had + p.p,  S + would (should, could, might)  + have + p.p.

• As you helped me, I did not fail. (직설법 과거)

  = If you had not helped me, I would have failed. (가정법 과거완료)

  = Had you not helped me, I would have failed. (If 생략시)

  = But for (Without) your help, I would have failed.

  = If it had not been for your help, I would have failed.

  = Had it not been for your help, I would have failed.

@ but for, without가 가정법 과거에서 쓰이면 if it were not for(만일 ∼이 없다면)로, 가정법 과거완료에서 쓰이면 if it had not been for(만일 ∼이 없었더라면)로 고쳐짐.

• If it had been fine yesterday, we should have made an excursion.

  = As it was not fine yesterday, we did not make an excursion.

• If I had studied a little harder, I should have  passed the examination.

• You could have done it if you had tried.

  = As you did not try, you could not do it.

• If it had not been for your help, I must have failed. ( = But for∼, Without∼)

2) I wish 다음에 가정법 과거완료를 쓰면 과거에 실현하지 못한 소망을 나타낸다.

• I wish I had worked harder in my youth.

  = I am sorry I did not work harder in my youth.

• I wished I had worked harder in my youth.

  = I was sorry I had not worked harder in my youth.

3) 조건절은 가정법과거완료이지만 주절이 가정법과거가 되는 경우 : 혼합 가정법

@ 가정은 과거 사실의 반대이지만 그 결과가 현재에 미칠 수 있을 때 사용.

• If it had not rained last night, the road would not be so muddy this morning.

  = As it rained last night, the road is so muddy this morning.

• If he had not been killed in the war, he would be now thirty years old.

• If I had taken your advice then, I would be happier now.

  = As I did not take your advice then, I am not happier now.

4. 가정법 현재

1) 현재 또는 미래에 대한 불확실한 의혹, 가정, 상상, 소망 등을 나타낸다.

(오늘날은 가정법 현재 대신에 직설법을 쓰는 경향이 강하다.)

If + S + VR(현재형),  S + will (can, shall, may)  + VR

• If it rain (rains) tomorrow, I will not go.

• If he call(s) this afternoon, tell him to wait.

• If the rumor is(=be) true, papers will say something about it.

• If he is honest, I will employ him.     (조건절)

• If he is honest, I will not employ him. (양보절, ∼할지라도)

@ 현재나 미래의 의혹을 나타내는데, If절에 완료나 진행형 형태를 쓰는 것이 가능하다.

• If he have arrived, he will let me know to that effect.

• If he being reading a book, let me not disturb him.

• He should read English well if he have (=has) been studying it for six years.

2) 주장, 명령, 희망, 요구, 기대, 제안 등을 나타내는 구문의 that 절에서 should를 생략하고 동사의 원형만을 쓸 수 있다.

• The doctor insisted that he (should) remain in bed.

• The commander ordered that the deserter (should) be shot to death.

3) 미래에 대한 기원

• Long live the King! (국왕 만세)

• (May) God bless you.

• May he succeed.

4) 명령법을 사용한 양보

① 명령형 + wh절

• Come when you may, you are welcome.

  = Whenever you may come, you will welcome.

• Say what he will, no one believes him.

  = Whatever he may say, no one believes him.

② 명령형 + ever so + 형용사

• Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home.

  = However humble it may be, there is no place like home.

③ 명령형 + as절

• Try as you may, you can never do it in a week.

  = However hard you may try, you can never do it in a week.

• Hurry as you will, you are sure to be late.

  = However quick you may hurry, you are sure to be late.

④ 명령형 + A or B

• Be it true or not, it is not worth considering.

  = Whether it is true or not, it is not worth considering.

• All men are equal before the law, be they rich or poor.

  = All men are equal before the law, whether they are rich or poor.

5. 가정법 미래

1) 미래의 사실에 대한 강한 의심을 나타낸다.

If + 주어 + should (주어의 무의지) + VR,  S + 조동사 + VR.
               would  (주어의 의지)

조건절에 should + 동사원형을 사용하면 ⇒ 미래에 대한 강한 의심.

           would + 동사원형을 사용하면 ⇒ 주어의 의지.

If it should rain tomorrow, I shall not come.

• If you should meet him, tell him to write to me.

  = Should you meet him, tell him to write to me.

• If I should fail again, what shall I do?

  = Should I fail again, what shall I do?

• If he should be a swindler, what would my destiny be?

• What should(=shall) I do if I should lose my sight?

• If I would try my best, I should be able to succeed in my undertaking.

• If you would succeed, you would have to work harder. (would = wish to)

• I think you are in time for the train.  But if it should have left before you get there, you will have to wait an hour for the next train.

2) 가정법 과거가 내용상 미래의 의미를 갖는 경우

If + S + were to∼, S + would (should, could, might)  + VR.

가정법 미래의 조건절에 were to∼를 사용하면 전혀 불가능한 일 또는 미래의 의혹 등을 나타내며 주절에는 would, should 등만 가능하고, will, shall 등은 사용 불가능.

• If the sun were to collide with the moon, what would become of the earth?

• (Even) If the sun were to rise in the west, I would never change my mind to love you forever.

• If I were to be young again, I would be a doctor.

6. But for, Without

1) 가정법 과거에 쓰일 경우 :

if it were not for ∼  =  were it not for ∼ : 『∼이 없다면』

• But for the heat of the sun, nothing could live.

  (태양열이 없으면 아무 것도 살 수 없을 것이다.)

   

2) 가정법 과거완료에 쓰일 경우 :

if it had not been for ∼  =  had it not been for ∼: 『∼이 없었다면』

• Without your timely advice, he would have been ruined.

  (당신의 시기 적절한 충고가 없었더라면, 그는 파멸했을 것이다.)

3) But for, Without의 뜻은 주절에 의하여 결정된다.

• But for his help, I couldn't succeed.  (가정법 과거)

• But for his help, I couldn't have succeeded. (가정법 과거완료)

4) but for와 비슷한 것으로 but that이 있는데, 그 다음에는 절이 오며, 또 직설법이 온다.

• but that = unless

• But that he had a family, he would have left England long ago.

7. I wish + 가정법

1) I wish + S + V(과거) : 가정법 과거 (현재 실현할 수 없는 일에 대한 소망)

• I wish I were a bird.  (가정법 과거)

  = would that = would to God

  = If only I were a bird.

  = I am sorry I am not a bird.  (직설법 현재)

  = It is a pity = I regret

2) I wish + S + had + p.p : 가정법 과거완료 (과거에 실현하지 못한 소망)

• I wish (= Would that = If only ) I had learned English. (가정법 과거완료)

  = I am sorry (= It is a pity = I regret ) I didn't learn English. (직설법 과거)

  = I should have learned English.  : ∼했어야 했는데

8. as if + 가정법

주절의 동사가 현재시제이면 as if∼는 과거 또는 현재완료를, 과거시제이면 과거완료시제를 각각 표시한다.

1) as if (= as though) + S + V(과거형)  = 가정법 과거 : 『마치 ∼인 것 처럼』

• He talks as if he knew everything.

  = In fact he doesn't know everything.

• He talked as if he knew everything.

  = In fact he did not know everything.

2) as if (=as though) + S + had + p.p  = 가정법 과거완료 : 『마치 ∼였던 것 처럼』

• He looks as if he had been ill.

  = In fact he has not been ill.

• He looked as if he had been ill.

  = In fact he had not been ill.

9. 관용적 표현

1) seldom [rarely], if ever, + V : 설사 ∼한다 해도

• He seldom, if ever, goes to church.

2) little [few], if any, + 명사 : 설사 ∼라고 해도

• There is little, if any, difference between them.

3) if at all : 기왕 ∼하려거든

• Troops should be sent, if at all, quickly.

4) what if + 가정법 : ∼하면 어떻게 하지?

   what if + 직설법 : ∼하면 어때? = ∼해도 상관없다.

• What if she is plain?  그녀가 미우면 어때? = 마음만 고우면 되지.

• What if she should be plain? 그녀가 미우면 어떻게 하지?

10. 조건 접속사 . 구

1) unless = if ∼ not : ∼하지 않는다면

• A tiger cannot be tamed, unless it is caught young.

  = A tiger cannot be tamed, if it is not caught young.

2) in case (that) + S + V = in case of + 명사 = in the event of + 명사 : ∼할 경우에는, 만일 ∼한다면

• In case of trouble, call for any help.

3) in case ∼ should  : ∼의 경우를 대비해서, ∼하면 안되니까

• Take your umbrella in case it should rain.

4) provided (that)

= providing (that)

= on condition that

= so long as

= if only : ∼하기만 한다면

5) suppose (that) = supposing (that)   :  ∼한다면 (if)

6) granted (that) = granting (that) : 설령 ∼한다 할지라도  (even if : 양보를 나타냄)

11. 조건절 상당어구

1) 전치사 속에 조건의 뜻이 내포되어 있는 경우

• With guns, we could defeat the enemy.

  = If we had guns, we could defeat the enemy.

2) 조건의 뜻을 포함하는 부사어구

• I would not do such a thing in your place.

  = I would not do such a thing if I were in your place.

• He could easily have done it with your help.

  = He could easily have done it if he had had your help.

• One minute later, we might have been crushed to death.

  = If we had rushed out of the house one minute later, we might --.

3) 주어, 형용사절 속에 조건의 뜻이 내포되어 있는 경우

• A Korean would not do such a thing.

  = If he were a Korean, he would not do such a thing.

• A true friend would not say such a thing.

  = If he were a true friend, he would not say such a thing.

• A man who had common sense would not do that.

  = A man, if he had common sense, would not do that.

4) 접속사가 조건절을 대신하는 경우

• I am engaged now, or ( = or else = otherwise ) I would accept your invitation.

  = If I were not engaged now, I would accept your invitation.

• I went at once, otherwise I should have missed the train.

  = I went at once, if I had not gone at once, I should have missed the train.

5) but that ( expect that, but what ) + S + V(현재형) : ∼이 없다면

                                                   + S + V(과거형) : ∼이 없었더라면

• As I am poor, I can not go abroad.

  = If I were not poor, I could go abroad.

  = Were I not poor, I could go abroad.

  = But that I am poor, I could go abroad.

@ but that 다음엔 직설법이 오며 부정의 뜻이 포함되어 있으므로 not를 쓰면 안된다.

주절이 가정법 과거이면 but that + 직설법 현재 형태

but that + 직설법 현재, 주절 (could + 원형동사)

but that + 직설법 과거, 주절 (would + have p.p : 가정법 과거완료)

12. 조건을 포함하는 부정사와 분사

I should be very glad to speak French : 가정법 과거

= I should be very glad if I could speak French.

• I should be happy to accompany you.

  = I should be happy if I could accompany you.

  (당신을 동반 할 수 있다면 기쁘겠습니다.)

• The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.

  (이와 같은 일이 만약 전시에 일어난다면 큰 재난이 될 것이다.)

  @ happening in wartime. (분사구문) = if it should happen in wartime.

• Left to herself, she would have gone astray.

  = If she had been left to herself, she ∼ .

13. 주절 또는 조건절의 생략

• I could have come yesterday (if I had wanted to come)

• What if they should be thieves?

  = What would be the result if they should be thieves?

14. 언외(言外)에 가정의 뜻을 포함하는 고정된 표현어구.

이들은 주로 사양하는 겸손한 완곡 어법이다.

• I should say he was a great scholar. (그는 아마 대학자이죠)

  여기에서의 was는 should가 과거형이므로 시제의 일치에 의한 것.

• That would seem strange. (그는 아마 이상하게 보일 것입니다.)

  If you did not know the truth, (진상을 모르시면)의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.

• I should like to make a tour round the world.(나는 세계일주 여행을 하고 싶다.)

  If I could의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.

  should like to: ∼하고 싶다.

• Would you mind lending me your car? (미안하지만, 당신의 차 좀 빌려주시겠습니까?)

  If I could ask you의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.

• A pin might have been heard to drop. (if it had dropped의 뜻이 숨어있다.)

• I could do it now. (지금 그것을 하려면 할 수도 있다.)

  if I would의 뜻이 숨어있다.