관 계 대 명 사 (Relative pronoun)
- Uncategorized
- 2006. 7. 8.
관 계 대 명 사 (Relative pronoun)
+--------------------+-----------+----------------------+-------------+
| 선행사 | 주격 | 소유격 | 목적격 |
+--------------------+-----------+----------------------+-------------+
| 사람 | who | whose | whom |
+--------------------+-----------+----------------------+-------------+
| 동물,사물 | which | of which,whose | which |
+--------------------+-----------+----------------------+-------------+
| 사람,사물,동물 | that | × | that |
+--------------------+-----------+----------------------+-------------+
| 내포하고 있음 | what | × | what |
+--------------------+-----------+----------------------+-------------+
※ 관계대명사의 기능 : 앞의 명사(=선행사)를 대신함과 동시에 그이하의 절을 연결하는 기능을 가지고 있다.
⊙ 밑줄 친 부분의 역할을 설명 하시오
ⓐ small books
ⓑ books on the desk
ⓒ books which are on the desk
◎ I must thank the boy.
+ He found my wallet.
________________________________
I must thank the boy who found my wallet.
1. who (whose,whom)
1. 선행사가 사람일 경우
This is a girl who made the doll. (주격)
He is the boy whose parents are dead. (소유격)
This is the girl whom I love much. (목적격)
He is the man of whom I spoke. (of 목적격)
2. 복문의 주절은 삽입절로 만든다.
This is the man. I think that he is honest. (복문)
→ This is the man who I think is honest.
This is the man. I think him to be honest. (단문)
→ This is the man whom I think to be honest.
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
☞ | 1. 관계대명사의 격: 관계절속의 역할에 의해 결정<주,소유,목적격> |
| 2. 주격관계대명사의 인칭,수: 선행사의 <인칭,수>에 따라 결정. |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
1. 두문장을 비교 하시오.
ⓐ The man who I thought was my friend betrayed me.
ⓑ The man whom I thought to be my friend betrayed me.
2. ⓐ I who am a boy cannot do it.
ⓑ This is the girl who knows the secret.
ⓒ I met a boy and a girl who _______ running on the street.
2. which (whose, of which) * whose는 언제나 관계형용사 기능
+------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 선행사가 동물,사물 일 경우 |
| 2. 선행사가 직위,직업,성격,인물 등을 나타낼 때 |
| 3. 구와 절을 선행사로 할 때: 반드시 계속용법 |
| 4. 형용사를 선행사로 받음 |
| 5. which의 소유격은 2가지 < of which, whose> |
+------------------------------------------------+
1. I want to read a novel which is interesting.
This is the novel which I want to read.
2. He is not the man which his father wanted him to be.
Mr. Brown is a gentleman which his younger brother is not.
3. I said nothing,which (=and this) made him angry.
He said he met her, which was a lie.
4. He is rich, which I unfortunately am not.
5. The house whose roof is red is mine.
The house of which the roof is red is mine.
The house the roof of which is red is mine.
+----------------------------+
| whose + 명사 |
| = of which the + 명사 |
| = the 명사 + of which. |
+----------------------------+
3. that
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. who,which 대용 |
| 2. 선행사에 강한 한정어구 붙을 때. |
| 3. 선행사가 부정 대명사이거나,부정형용사의 수식을 받을 때 |
| 4. 선행사가 <사람 + 사물(동물)> 일 때. |
| 5. 선행사가 의문대명사 일 때 |
| 6. It is - - that 강조구문에서 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
1. I want a man that can speak English well.
This is the book that you lent me.
2. Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech.
☞ 강한 한정어구 : 최상급 형용사,서수,the only,the same
the very - - -
3. He gave all that he had.
☞ all, every, no, some, any, few, little, much,
--one,--body, --thing이 붙은 합성부정대명사
4. Men and horses that were killed in battle were innumerable.
5. Who that is sane can believe such a thing ?
6. It was I that met her.
* 4, 5는 반드시 that 씀.2,3은 선행사가 사물일 때는 대체로
that를 쓰고, 사람인 경우는 who,whom 써도 무방함
☆★ that를 쓸 수 없는 경우
+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 선행사가 that, those이거나 [that + 명사] 일 때 |
| 2. 전치사 바로 다음 |
| 3. 계속적 용법. |
+------------------------------------------------------+
1. Heaven helps those who help themselves.
2. ① This is the book that he referred to the other day.( )
② This is the book to that he referred the other day. ( )
3. ① The clothes that are on the floor are dirty.( )
② The clothes, that are on the floor,are dirty. ( )
★ 동격의 접속사 that와 관계대명사 that
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 동격의 접속사 that : 앞의 명사와 동격이 되는 절을 이끔 |
| that 생략해도 that이 이끄는 절은 완전한 문장 됨. |
| 2. 관계대명사 that : that 생략 하면 이하 불완전한 문장이 됨. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
cf) The news that she was hurt proved to be true.
The news that she reported proved to be true.
4. what
+--------------------------------------------+
| 선행사를 포함 하고 명사절을 만들어서 |
| ① 주어절, ② 보어절, ③ 목적어절을 만듦 |
+--------------------------------------------+
① What you say may be true.
② I am not what I used to be.
③ I know what you mean.
★☆★ what의 관용적 용법
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| ① what I am 현재의 나 (인격,상태) |
| what I was 과거의 나 |
| what I used to be |
| What I have 현재 나의 재산 |
| What I had 과거 나의 재산 |
| ② what is 비교급 : --- (더욱 - - 한 것은) |
| 최상급 : --- ( 가장 - - 한 것은) |
| ③ we, you call |
| what they, people = so called |
| one calls (소위,말하자면) |
| is called |
| ④ what + 명사 ; = all the + 명사 + that -- (- -한 모든 것) |
| ⑤ what + little (양) - - (적지만 - - 전부) |
| few (수) |
| ⑥ A is to B what C is to D ( A: B = C : D) |
| ⑦ what with A, and what with B |
| (한편으로는 A 또 한편으로는 B) <겹친 원인> |
| what by A, and what by B |
| (한편으로는 A 또 한편으로는 B) <겹친 수단> |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
① We should judge a man not by what he has but by what he is.
② It's a good book, what is better, not an expensive one.
③ He is what you call a book-worm.
④ I gave him what money I had.
⑤ I gave her what little money I had.
He has sold what few books he had.
⑥ Reading is to the mind what (= as) food is to the body.
⑦ What with official business and what with private affairs,
I have little leisure time.
What by good luck and what by his talent, he made a fortune.
5. 관계대명사의 용법
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 제한적 용법 : 관계대명사절이 선행사 한정 |
| 2. 계속적 용법 : 관계대명사절이 선행사를 부가적으로 설명 |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
☞ 제한용법과 계속용법의 비교
+-------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| 제한적 용법 | 계속적 용법 |
+-------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| 1. RP 앞에 comma가 없다. | 앞에 comma 있음 |
| 2. 뒤에서 앞으로 번역한다. | 앞에서 뒤로 번역 |
| 3. that 쓸수 있다. | that 못씀 |
| 4. 목적격 관계대명사 생략 가능 | 목적격 RP 생략 불가 |
| 5. [접속사 + 댸명사]로 분해 못함. | [접속사 + 대명사]로 분해됨|
+-------------------------------------+----------------------------+
cf) He has two sons who are doctors.
He has two sons, who are doctors.
I want to buy a book which treats of atomic energy.
I want to buy this book, which treats of atomic energy.
☞ 항상 계속용법만 사용하는 경우 -------+
| ① 선행사가 고유명사 일때 |
| ② 앞문장 전체·일부를 받을 때 |
+--------------------------------------+
① I saw Mr. Brown, who asked me about you.
② He tried to solve the problem,which he found very difficult.
6. 유사관계대명사
※ 원래 접속사 이던 것이 관계대명사 역할을 함.
+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. as : ① 선행사에 as, such, the same 등이 있을 때 |
| ② 앞 절 전체를 선행사로 할 수 있음 |
| 2. but : 선행사에 부정어(no,not) 있는 경우 |
| 3. than : 선행사에 비교급 표현 있을 때 |
+------------------------------------------------------+
1. ① As many passengers as were in the bus were injured.
I don't want such friends as praise me in my face.
This is the same camera as I lost.
cf) This is the same camera that I lost.
② He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent.
2. There is no man but feels pity for starving children.
= that does not feel - -
3. There is more in this than appears on the surface.
These children have more money than they need.
7. 관계형용사
+-----------------------------------+
| ※ [접속사 + 형용사] 역할 |
| 1. which + 명사 |
| 2. what + 명사 |
+-----------------------------------+
1. ◇ The doctor told him to take a few days' rest,which advice he followed.
◇ I may have to work late, in which case I'll telephone.
2. ◇ What money I have will be yours when I die. ☞ P.38 ④
(= all the money that)
◇ I spent what little time I had with my family.
(= every little time that )
8. 복합관계대명사
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. who, whose, whom, which, what + ever |
| 2. 선행사 포함 ⇒ 명사절, 부사절 |
| 3. [any ∼ + 관계대명사]로 바꿀 수 있음(명사절) |
| [ No matter + 관계대명사]로 바꿀 수 있음(부사절) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
1. 명사절 이끈다
He welcomed whoever(=anyone who) came. - - - <주격>
Give it to whomever (=anyone whom) you like. - - - <목적격>
You may take whichever(=anything that) you like. -- <목적격>
Do whatever (=anything that) you like.
2. 양보의 부사절 이끈다.
Whoever (=No matter who) may object, I will do it.
Whosever (=No matter whose) pen it may be, you may use it.
Whomever (=No matter whom) you may ask, he will say so.
Whichever (=No matter which) you decide, I'll back you up.
Whatever (=No matter what) happens, I must do it.
9. 관계대명사의 생략
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 목적격 일때 생략 가능 |
| 2. RP가 주격보어 일때 |
| 3. There[Here] is - - - , It is - - 문장에서 |
| 4. RP 다음에 there is 계속 될 때 |
+-------------------------------------------------+
1. This is not the book (that[which]) I am looking for.
2. He is not the man (that[which]) he used to be.
3. There is a man at the door (who) wants to speak to you.
It was Wilson (that) told me this.
4. I know the need (that) there is for saving money.
※ 관계사와 의문사 (what의 역할은?)
① I will give you what you want.
② Tell me what you want.
☞ 의문대명사 : 주절의 동사가 의문의 뜻가지면 의문사이다.
+--------------------+-----------+----------------------+-------------+
| 선행사 | 주격 | 소유격 | 목적격 |
+--------------------+-----------+----------------------+-------------+
| 사람 | who | whose | whom |
+--------------------+-----------+----------------------+-------------+
| 동물,사물 | which | of which,whose | which |
+--------------------+-----------+----------------------+-------------+
| 사람,사물,동물 | that | × | that |
+--------------------+-----------+----------------------+-------------+
| 내포하고 있음 | what | × | what |
+--------------------+-----------+----------------------+-------------+
※ 관계대명사의 기능 : 앞의 명사(=선행사)를 대신함과 동시에 그이하의 절을 연결하는 기능을 가지고 있다.
⊙ 밑줄 친 부분의 역할을 설명 하시오
ⓐ small books
ⓑ books on the desk
ⓒ books which are on the desk
◎ I must thank the boy.
+ He found my wallet.
________________________________
I must thank the boy who found my wallet.
1. who (whose,whom)
1. 선행사가 사람일 경우
This is a girl who made the doll. (주격)
He is the boy whose parents are dead. (소유격)
This is the girl whom I love much. (목적격)
He is the man of whom I spoke. (of 목적격)
2. 복문의 주절은 삽입절로 만든다.
This is the man. I think that he is honest. (복문)
→ This is the man who I think is honest.
This is the man. I think him to be honest. (단문)
→ This is the man whom I think to be honest.
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
☞ | 1. 관계대명사의 격: 관계절속의 역할에 의해 결정<주,소유,목적격> |
| 2. 주격관계대명사의 인칭,수: 선행사의 <인칭,수>에 따라 결정. |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
1. 두문장을 비교 하시오.
ⓐ The man who I thought was my friend betrayed me.
ⓑ The man whom I thought to be my friend betrayed me.
2. ⓐ I who am a boy cannot do it.
ⓑ This is the girl who knows the secret.
ⓒ I met a boy and a girl who _______ running on the street.
2. which (whose, of which) * whose는 언제나 관계형용사 기능
+------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 선행사가 동물,사물 일 경우 |
| 2. 선행사가 직위,직업,성격,인물 등을 나타낼 때 |
| 3. 구와 절을 선행사로 할 때: 반드시 계속용법 |
| 4. 형용사를 선행사로 받음 |
| 5. which의 소유격은 2가지 < of which, whose> |
+------------------------------------------------+
1. I want to read a novel which is interesting.
This is the novel which I want to read.
2. He is not the man which his father wanted him to be.
Mr. Brown is a gentleman which his younger brother is not.
3. I said nothing,which (=and this) made him angry.
He said he met her, which was a lie.
4. He is rich, which I unfortunately am not.
5. The house whose roof is red is mine.
The house of which the roof is red is mine.
The house the roof of which is red is mine.
+----------------------------+
| whose + 명사 |
| = of which the + 명사 |
| = the 명사 + of which. |
+----------------------------+
3. that
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. who,which 대용 |
| 2. 선행사에 강한 한정어구 붙을 때. |
| 3. 선행사가 부정 대명사이거나,부정형용사의 수식을 받을 때 |
| 4. 선행사가 <사람 + 사물(동물)> 일 때. |
| 5. 선행사가 의문대명사 일 때 |
| 6. It is - - that 강조구문에서 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
1. I want a man that can speak English well.
This is the book that you lent me.
2. Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech.
☞ 강한 한정어구 : 최상급 형용사,서수,the only,the same
the very - - -
3. He gave all that he had.
☞ all, every, no, some, any, few, little, much,
--one,--body, --thing이 붙은 합성부정대명사
4. Men and horses that were killed in battle were innumerable.
5. Who that is sane can believe such a thing ?
6. It was I that met her.
* 4, 5는 반드시 that 씀.2,3은 선행사가 사물일 때는 대체로
that를 쓰고, 사람인 경우는 who,whom 써도 무방함
☆★ that를 쓸 수 없는 경우
+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 선행사가 that, those이거나 [that + 명사] 일 때 |
| 2. 전치사 바로 다음 |
| 3. 계속적 용법. |
+------------------------------------------------------+
1. Heaven helps those who help themselves.
2. ① This is the book that he referred to the other day.( )
② This is the book to that he referred the other day. ( )
3. ① The clothes that are on the floor are dirty.( )
② The clothes, that are on the floor,are dirty. ( )
★ 동격의 접속사 that와 관계대명사 that
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 동격의 접속사 that : 앞의 명사와 동격이 되는 절을 이끔 |
| that 생략해도 that이 이끄는 절은 완전한 문장 됨. |
| 2. 관계대명사 that : that 생략 하면 이하 불완전한 문장이 됨. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
cf) The news that she was hurt proved to be true.
The news that she reported proved to be true.
4. what
+--------------------------------------------+
| 선행사를 포함 하고 명사절을 만들어서 |
| ① 주어절, ② 보어절, ③ 목적어절을 만듦 |
+--------------------------------------------+
① What you say may be true.
② I am not what I used to be.
③ I know what you mean.
★☆★ what의 관용적 용법
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| ① what I am 현재의 나 (인격,상태) |
| what I was 과거의 나 |
| what I used to be |
| What I have 현재 나의 재산 |
| What I had 과거 나의 재산 |
| ② what is 비교급 : --- (더욱 - - 한 것은) |
| 최상급 : --- ( 가장 - - 한 것은) |
| ③ we, you call |
| what they, people = so called |
| one calls (소위,말하자면) |
| is called |
| ④ what + 명사 ; = all the + 명사 + that -- (- -한 모든 것) |
| ⑤ what + little (양) - - (적지만 - - 전부) |
| few (수) |
| ⑥ A is to B what C is to D ( A: B = C : D) |
| ⑦ what with A, and what with B |
| (한편으로는 A 또 한편으로는 B) <겹친 원인> |
| what by A, and what by B |
| (한편으로는 A 또 한편으로는 B) <겹친 수단> |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
① We should judge a man not by what he has but by what he is.
② It's a good book, what is better, not an expensive one.
③ He is what you call a book-worm.
④ I gave him what money I had.
⑤ I gave her what little money I had.
He has sold what few books he had.
⑥ Reading is to the mind what (= as) food is to the body.
⑦ What with official business and what with private affairs,
I have little leisure time.
What by good luck and what by his talent, he made a fortune.
5. 관계대명사의 용법
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 제한적 용법 : 관계대명사절이 선행사 한정 |
| 2. 계속적 용법 : 관계대명사절이 선행사를 부가적으로 설명 |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
☞ 제한용법과 계속용법의 비교
+-------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| 제한적 용법 | 계속적 용법 |
+-------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| 1. RP 앞에 comma가 없다. | 앞에 comma 있음 |
| 2. 뒤에서 앞으로 번역한다. | 앞에서 뒤로 번역 |
| 3. that 쓸수 있다. | that 못씀 |
| 4. 목적격 관계대명사 생략 가능 | 목적격 RP 생략 불가 |
| 5. [접속사 + 댸명사]로 분해 못함. | [접속사 + 대명사]로 분해됨|
+-------------------------------------+----------------------------+
cf) He has two sons who are doctors.
He has two sons, who are doctors.
I want to buy a book which treats of atomic energy.
I want to buy this book, which treats of atomic energy.
☞ 항상 계속용법만 사용하는 경우 -------+
| ① 선행사가 고유명사 일때 |
| ② 앞문장 전체·일부를 받을 때 |
+--------------------------------------+
① I saw Mr. Brown, who asked me about you.
② He tried to solve the problem,which he found very difficult.
6. 유사관계대명사
※ 원래 접속사 이던 것이 관계대명사 역할을 함.
+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. as : ① 선행사에 as, such, the same 등이 있을 때 |
| ② 앞 절 전체를 선행사로 할 수 있음 |
| 2. but : 선행사에 부정어(no,not) 있는 경우 |
| 3. than : 선행사에 비교급 표현 있을 때 |
+------------------------------------------------------+
1. ① As many passengers as were in the bus were injured.
I don't want such friends as praise me in my face.
This is the same camera as I lost.
cf) This is the same camera that I lost.
② He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent.
2. There is no man but feels pity for starving children.
= that does not feel - -
3. There is more in this than appears on the surface.
These children have more money than they need.
7. 관계형용사
+-----------------------------------+
| ※ [접속사 + 형용사] 역할 |
| 1. which + 명사 |
| 2. what + 명사 |
+-----------------------------------+
1. ◇ The doctor told him to take a few days' rest,which advice he followed.
◇ I may have to work late, in which case I'll telephone.
2. ◇ What money I have will be yours when I die. ☞ P.38 ④
(= all the money that)
◇ I spent what little time I had with my family.
(= every little time that )
8. 복합관계대명사
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. who, whose, whom, which, what + ever |
| 2. 선행사 포함 ⇒ 명사절, 부사절 |
| 3. [any ∼ + 관계대명사]로 바꿀 수 있음(명사절) |
| [ No matter + 관계대명사]로 바꿀 수 있음(부사절) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
1. 명사절 이끈다
He welcomed whoever(=anyone who) came. - - - <주격>
Give it to whomever (=anyone whom) you like. - - - <목적격>
You may take whichever(=anything that) you like. -- <목적격>
Do whatever (=anything that) you like.
2. 양보의 부사절 이끈다.
Whoever (=No matter who) may object, I will do it.
Whosever (=No matter whose) pen it may be, you may use it.
Whomever (=No matter whom) you may ask, he will say so.
Whichever (=No matter which) you decide, I'll back you up.
Whatever (=No matter what) happens, I must do it.
9. 관계대명사의 생략
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 목적격 일때 생략 가능 |
| 2. RP가 주격보어 일때 |
| 3. There[Here] is - - - , It is - - 문장에서 |
| 4. RP 다음에 there is 계속 될 때 |
+-------------------------------------------------+
1. This is not the book (that[which]) I am looking for.
2. He is not the man (that[which]) he used to be.
3. There is a man at the door (who) wants to speak to you.
It was Wilson (that) told me this.
4. I know the need (that) there is for saving money.
※ 관계사와 의문사 (what의 역할은?)
① I will give you what you want.
② Tell me what you want.
☞ 의문대명사 : 주절의 동사가 의문의 뜻가지면 의문사이다.