동사의 시제 (Tense)
- Uncategorized
- 2006. 7. 8.
동사의 시제 (Tense)
1.현재시제
+-----------------------------------------+
| 1. 현재의 사실 |
| 2. 현재의 습관적,반복적 동작 |
| 3. 불변의 진리,일반적 사실,격언 | +------------------------+
| 4. 미래대용 | |☞ 5. say,hear,be told |
| ① 왕래발착동사 | | learn,tell 등의 |
| ② 시간,조건을 나타내는 부사절 | | 전달동사,forget, |
| 5. 현재완료 대용 | | read,understand등의 |
+-----------------------------------------+ | 동사들은 현재시제가 |
1. I live in Seoul. | 완료시제를 나타낼수 |
2. I get up at seven every morning. | 있다. |
3. Summer follows spring. +------------------------+
4. ① The ship sails for New York tomorrow.
② I'll let you know as soon as I hear from her.
5. John tells me you're getting a new car.
주의+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ☞명사절이나,형용사절,그리고 시간,조건을 나타내지 않은 부사절, |
| 에서는 미래일을 미래시제로 나타낸다. |
| ① It sounds as if the situation will get worse.(양태의 부사절) |
| ② Tell me when he will come back.(명사절) |
| ③ The time will come when he will regret this.(형용사절) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
☞ <주의> 시간의 부사절이 일어나는 순서대로 배열되면 미래형을 쓴다.
The Queen will arrive on the 24th,when she will hold a
general reception.
* 연습문제
1. When he (will come, comes), I will talk with him.
2. I don't know when he (will come,comes).
3. I don't know the time when he ( will come, comes)
4. I will not start if it (rains, will rain) tomorrow.
5. I doubt if it (rains, will rain) tomorrow.
정답 : 1. comes 2. will come 3. will come 4. rains 5. will rain
2. 과거시제
+---------------------------------------------+
| 1. 과거사실,상태,습관 |
| 2. 현재완료 대용 (보통 ever,never 와 함께) |(경험)
| 3. 과거완료대용 |
| 4. 가정법 과거 |
+---------------------------------------------+
1. She took a bath every morning.
2. I never tasted a fish like this.
= I have never tasted a fish like this.
3. I arrived after he left.
4. If it were true, I should be very glad.
3. 미래시제
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 단순미래 : 일반적으로 will을 쓰는게 보통 |
| 단, 1인칭 주어 경우 문장체와 영국어에서 shall을 쓰기도 함. |
| 2. 의지미래 |
| +---------------+-----------------------+-------------------+ |
| | 주어의의지 | speaker의 의지 | hearer의 의지 | |
| +---------------+-----------------------+-------------------| |
| | I will - - | I will - - - | Shall I - - | |
| | You will - - | You shall - - - | Will you - - - | |
| | He will - - | He shall - - - | Shall he - - - | |
| +---------------+-----------------------+-------------------+ |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
1. I will[shall] be in the third grade of high school next year.
2. If you will wait here a moment,I'll go and get a chair.(주어의 의지)
You shall have a new dress for your birthday.
= I'll buy you a new dress for your birthday. (speaker의 의지)
˚ Shall I open the window ? (hearer의 의지)
4. 현재완료시제 : 과거의 동작,상태가 현재와 어떻게 관련 되어 있는가를 나타냄.
+--------------------------------------------------+
| 1.현재 시점에서 방금 완료된 동작을 나타냄. |
| 2. 과거의 동작의 결과가 현재 남아 있음. |
| 3. 과거에서 현재까지의 동작,상태의 계속을 나타냄.| ☞ ⓐ 상태의 계속 :
| 4. 과거에서 현재 까지의 경험을 나타냄. | have + p.p.
| 5. 시간,조건의 부사절에서 미래완료 대신 씀. | ⓑ 동작의 계속 :
+--------------------------------------------------+ have + been + -ing
1. I have finished my work now. +------ Memo ---------+
2. He has returned home. | 완료를 표시하는 말들 |
= He returned home, and he is now at home. |경험: ever,never,once |
3. ⓐ We have known each other for five years. |결과: 동작의 결과 |
ⓑ I have been studying English these two years. |계속: since,for |
4. Have you ever been here ? |완료: already,yet,just|
5. Wait here till I have done the work. | 등 |
cf) He has gone to America. +----------------------+
He has been to America.
☞ 일정 기간을 나타내는 어구가 있을시는 완료의 계속용법(상태동사)
또는 완료진행(동작동사)으로 나타낸다.
★★ 현재완료의 주의할 용법
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 명백한 과거 표시어(구)와 함께 사용 불가 |
| 2. just now (= a short while ago): 현재완료와 사용 불가. |
| 3. when : 현재완료와 함께 못씀. |
| 4. have got to + V ( = have to + V) :현재완료 아님. |
| 5. go, come 은 경험 용법 사용 불가(have been 으로 대체) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
* 틀린것 고치기
1) He has gone to America last month.
2) My father has come back just now.
3) When have you seen her ?
4) She has never gone to America before.
정답 : 1. last month 못 씀(명확한 과거) 2. just now 못 씀(명확한 과거) 3. when과 함께 현재 환료 못 씀 - 과거시제로 고침
4. have been to 로(경험으로) 고침
☞ 상태의 계속 ☆★
She has been dead for ten years.
= Ten years have passed since she died.
= It is ten years since she died.
= She died ten years ago.
5. 과거완료시제
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 과거의 어느시점까지의 ① 완료 ② 결과 ③ 경험 ④ 계속을 나타냄. |
| 2. 대과거 : 과거보다 한시제 앞섬.(주로,간접화법,형용사절에서) |
| 3. 과거에 실현되지 못한일.(미래관념동사의p.p. + to + root ) |
| 4. 가정법에서 과거완료는 과거사실 나타냄. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1. ① When we arrived at the station, the train had already started.
② His father had gone to America when he was born.
③ He had never been abroad before he was forty.
④ He died after he had been ill for a long time.
2. I lent him the book which I had bought.
3. I had intended to come earlier.
4. If we had had a rope, we could have saved him.
★★ 과거에 실현되지 못한 소망.
+---------------------------------------------+
| 미래관념동사의 과거분사 + to + Root | had + p.p. + to root
| = 미래관념동사의 과거형 + to + have p.p. |
+---------------------------------------------+
☞ hope, want, intend, expect, mean, think, suppose, promise - -
I had hoped to see you yesterday.
= I hoped to have seen you yesterday.
= I hoped to see you yesterday, but I could not.
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
★★☆|과거의 일이 일어난 순서 대로 적을 때는 과거로(대과거 안씀) |
| He lost the book which I had bought him the day before. |
| = I bought him a book and he lost it the next day. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
☆★ | 과거완료의 부정 + before [ when ] + 과거 |
| 『미처(채) - - - 하지도 않아(벌써) - - - 하였다』 |
|I had not gone a mile before it began to rain. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
6. 미래완료시제
+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1.미래의 어떤 시점까지의 ① 완료,②결과,③경험,④계속|
| 2. 추측 |
+------------------------------------------------------+
1. ① I will have finished it when you come home next month.
② I will have gone to Paris when you come home next month.
③ I will have read this book three times if I read it again.
④ He will have lived here for full ten years when April comes next year.
2. You will have read at least one of his books.
= I assume that you have read at least one of his books.
☞ 이때의 will은 미래가 아니고 추측 임.
7.진행시제
+------------------------------------------------+
| 1.순간적인 동작의 계속 |
| 2.일시적 동작의 반복 |
| 3. 반복 습관 (always,continually,still - - ) |
| 4. 가까운 미래 - 왕래발착동사 |
| 5. 미래진행형 : will [shall] + be + - -ing |
| 6. 완료진행형 : have been - - ing |
+------------------------------------------------+
1. He is writing a letter.
2. He is getting up at 8 this week.
3. He was always telling lies.
4. He is coming tonight.
5. He will be doing his homework this time tomorrow.
6. How long has he been sleeping ?
+-----------------------------------------------------+
★★| 진행형을 쓸 수 없는 동사 |
| <지각> <소유> <상태> <감정,지식> |
| see have be love |
| hear belong seen like |
| feel possess appear know |
| taste contain differ believe |
| smell remain remember |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
☞ 원래 상태 동사라도 ① 동작동사의 의미로 쓰일 때 ② 주어의 의지가
있는 행위 일때 진행형 가능.
I am seeing the sight of Seoul.
He is having breakfast.
She is hearing the lecture.
★ will,shall 을 사용하지 않고 미래를 표현하는 방식.
+-------------------------------------------+
| 1. 현재시제사용 (왕래발착동사) |
| 2. 현재진행시제 사용 (왕래발착동사) |
| 3. be going to + Root |
| 4. be about to + Root |
| 5. be on the point of - -ing |
| 6. be to Root (예정, 의도) |
+-------------------------------------------+
1. School begins on March 5.
2. I am leaving for Seoul tomorrow.
3. Supper is going to be ready soon.
4. He is about to start.
5. The sun is on the point of setting.
6. He is to make a speech tonight.
♧ be going to의 용법
① The ice is going to crack.(be about to, 막 - - 하려하다)
② The party is going to be a great success.(be likely to,아마 - 일것이다)
③ My father is going to buy a new car.(be planned to,예정)
★★ He had no sooner seen me than he ran away.
= He had scarcely ( hardly) seen me when (before) he ran away.
= No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.
= Hardly (scarcely) had he seen me when (before) he ran away.
= As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
= The moment [The instant,The minute] he saw me, he ran away.
= On seeing me,he ran away.
Time is · · · ·
Too slow for those who wait,
Too swift for those who fear,
Too long for those who grieve,
Too short for those who rejoice,
But for those who love · · ·
Time is Eternity.
1.현재시제
+-----------------------------------------+
| 1. 현재의 사실 |
| 2. 현재의 습관적,반복적 동작 |
| 3. 불변의 진리,일반적 사실,격언 | +------------------------+
| 4. 미래대용 | |☞ 5. say,hear,be told |
| ① 왕래발착동사 | | learn,tell 등의 |
| ② 시간,조건을 나타내는 부사절 | | 전달동사,forget, |
| 5. 현재완료 대용 | | read,understand등의 |
+-----------------------------------------+ | 동사들은 현재시제가 |
1. I live in Seoul. | 완료시제를 나타낼수 |
2. I get up at seven every morning. | 있다. |
3. Summer follows spring. +------------------------+
4. ① The ship sails for New York tomorrow.
② I'll let you know as soon as I hear from her.
5. John tells me you're getting a new car.
주의+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ☞명사절이나,형용사절,그리고 시간,조건을 나타내지 않은 부사절, |
| 에서는 미래일을 미래시제로 나타낸다. |
| ① It sounds as if the situation will get worse.(양태의 부사절) |
| ② Tell me when he will come back.(명사절) |
| ③ The time will come when he will regret this.(형용사절) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
☞ <주의> 시간의 부사절이 일어나는 순서대로 배열되면 미래형을 쓴다.
The Queen will arrive on the 24th,when she will hold a
general reception.
* 연습문제
1. When he (will come, comes), I will talk with him.
2. I don't know when he (will come,comes).
3. I don't know the time when he ( will come, comes)
4. I will not start if it (rains, will rain) tomorrow.
5. I doubt if it (rains, will rain) tomorrow.
정답 : 1. comes 2. will come 3. will come 4. rains 5. will rain
2. 과거시제
+---------------------------------------------+
| 1. 과거사실,상태,습관 |
| 2. 현재완료 대용 (보통 ever,never 와 함께) |(경험)
| 3. 과거완료대용 |
| 4. 가정법 과거 |
+---------------------------------------------+
1. She took a bath every morning.
2. I never tasted a fish like this.
= I have never tasted a fish like this.
3. I arrived after he left.
4. If it were true, I should be very glad.
3. 미래시제
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 단순미래 : 일반적으로 will을 쓰는게 보통 |
| 단, 1인칭 주어 경우 문장체와 영국어에서 shall을 쓰기도 함. |
| 2. 의지미래 |
| +---------------+-----------------------+-------------------+ |
| | 주어의의지 | speaker의 의지 | hearer의 의지 | |
| +---------------+-----------------------+-------------------| |
| | I will - - | I will - - - | Shall I - - | |
| | You will - - | You shall - - - | Will you - - - | |
| | He will - - | He shall - - - | Shall he - - - | |
| +---------------+-----------------------+-------------------+ |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
1. I will[shall] be in the third grade of high school next year.
2. If you will wait here a moment,I'll go and get a chair.(주어의 의지)
You shall have a new dress for your birthday.
= I'll buy you a new dress for your birthday. (speaker의 의지)
˚ Shall I open the window ? (hearer의 의지)
4. 현재완료시제 : 과거의 동작,상태가 현재와 어떻게 관련 되어 있는가를 나타냄.
+--------------------------------------------------+
| 1.현재 시점에서 방금 완료된 동작을 나타냄. |
| 2. 과거의 동작의 결과가 현재 남아 있음. |
| 3. 과거에서 현재까지의 동작,상태의 계속을 나타냄.| ☞ ⓐ 상태의 계속 :
| 4. 과거에서 현재 까지의 경험을 나타냄. | have + p.p.
| 5. 시간,조건의 부사절에서 미래완료 대신 씀. | ⓑ 동작의 계속 :
+--------------------------------------------------+ have + been + -ing
1. I have finished my work now. +------ Memo ---------+
2. He has returned home. | 완료를 표시하는 말들 |
= He returned home, and he is now at home. |경험: ever,never,once |
3. ⓐ We have known each other for five years. |결과: 동작의 결과 |
ⓑ I have been studying English these two years. |계속: since,for |
4. Have you ever been here ? |완료: already,yet,just|
5. Wait here till I have done the work. | 등 |
cf) He has gone to America. +----------------------+
He has been to America.
☞ 일정 기간을 나타내는 어구가 있을시는 완료의 계속용법(상태동사)
또는 완료진행(동작동사)으로 나타낸다.
★★ 현재완료의 주의할 용법
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 명백한 과거 표시어(구)와 함께 사용 불가 |
| 2. just now (= a short while ago): 현재완료와 사용 불가. |
| 3. when : 현재완료와 함께 못씀. |
| 4. have got to + V ( = have to + V) :현재완료 아님. |
| 5. go, come 은 경험 용법 사용 불가(have been 으로 대체) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
* 틀린것 고치기
1) He has gone to America last month.
2) My father has come back just now.
3) When have you seen her ?
4) She has never gone to America before.
정답 : 1. last month 못 씀(명확한 과거) 2. just now 못 씀(명확한 과거) 3. when과 함께 현재 환료 못 씀 - 과거시제로 고침
4. have been to 로(경험으로) 고침
☞ 상태의 계속 ☆★
She has been dead for ten years.
= Ten years have passed since she died.
= It is ten years since she died.
= She died ten years ago.
5. 과거완료시제
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 과거의 어느시점까지의 ① 완료 ② 결과 ③ 경험 ④ 계속을 나타냄. |
| 2. 대과거 : 과거보다 한시제 앞섬.(주로,간접화법,형용사절에서) |
| 3. 과거에 실현되지 못한일.(미래관념동사의p.p. + to + root ) |
| 4. 가정법에서 과거완료는 과거사실 나타냄. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1. ① When we arrived at the station, the train had already started.
② His father had gone to America when he was born.
③ He had never been abroad before he was forty.
④ He died after he had been ill for a long time.
2. I lent him the book which I had bought.
3. I had intended to come earlier.
4. If we had had a rope, we could have saved him.
★★ 과거에 실현되지 못한 소망.
+---------------------------------------------+
| 미래관념동사의 과거분사 + to + Root | had + p.p. + to root
| = 미래관념동사의 과거형 + to + have p.p. |
+---------------------------------------------+
☞ hope, want, intend, expect, mean, think, suppose, promise - -
I had hoped to see you yesterday.
= I hoped to have seen you yesterday.
= I hoped to see you yesterday, but I could not.
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
★★☆|과거의 일이 일어난 순서 대로 적을 때는 과거로(대과거 안씀) |
| He lost the book which I had bought him the day before. |
| = I bought him a book and he lost it the next day. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
☆★ | 과거완료의 부정 + before [ when ] + 과거 |
| 『미처(채) - - - 하지도 않아(벌써) - - - 하였다』 |
|I had not gone a mile before it began to rain. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
6. 미래완료시제
+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1.미래의 어떤 시점까지의 ① 완료,②결과,③경험,④계속|
| 2. 추측 |
+------------------------------------------------------+
1. ① I will have finished it when you come home next month.
② I will have gone to Paris when you come home next month.
③ I will have read this book three times if I read it again.
④ He will have lived here for full ten years when April comes next year.
2. You will have read at least one of his books.
= I assume that you have read at least one of his books.
☞ 이때의 will은 미래가 아니고 추측 임.
7.진행시제
+------------------------------------------------+
| 1.순간적인 동작의 계속 |
| 2.일시적 동작의 반복 |
| 3. 반복 습관 (always,continually,still - - ) |
| 4. 가까운 미래 - 왕래발착동사 |
| 5. 미래진행형 : will [shall] + be + - -ing |
| 6. 완료진행형 : have been - - ing |
+------------------------------------------------+
1. He is writing a letter.
2. He is getting up at 8 this week.
3. He was always telling lies.
4. He is coming tonight.
5. He will be doing his homework this time tomorrow.
6. How long has he been sleeping ?
+-----------------------------------------------------+
★★| 진행형을 쓸 수 없는 동사 |
| <지각> <소유> <상태> <감정,지식> |
| see have be love |
| hear belong seen like |
| feel possess appear know |
| taste contain differ believe |
| smell remain remember |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
☞ 원래 상태 동사라도 ① 동작동사의 의미로 쓰일 때 ② 주어의 의지가
있는 행위 일때 진행형 가능.
I am seeing the sight of Seoul.
He is having breakfast.
She is hearing the lecture.
★ will,shall 을 사용하지 않고 미래를 표현하는 방식.
+-------------------------------------------+
| 1. 현재시제사용 (왕래발착동사) |
| 2. 현재진행시제 사용 (왕래발착동사) |
| 3. be going to + Root |
| 4. be about to + Root |
| 5. be on the point of - -ing |
| 6. be to Root (예정, 의도) |
+-------------------------------------------+
1. School begins on March 5.
2. I am leaving for Seoul tomorrow.
3. Supper is going to be ready soon.
4. He is about to start.
5. The sun is on the point of setting.
6. He is to make a speech tonight.
♧ be going to의 용법
① The ice is going to crack.(be about to, 막 - - 하려하다)
② The party is going to be a great success.(be likely to,아마 - 일것이다)
③ My father is going to buy a new car.(be planned to,예정)
★★ He had no sooner seen me than he ran away.
= He had scarcely ( hardly) seen me when (before) he ran away.
= No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.
= Hardly (scarcely) had he seen me when (before) he ran away.
= As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
= The moment [The instant,The minute] he saw me, he ran away.
= On seeing me,he ran away.
Time is · · · ·
Too slow for those who wait,
Too swift for those who fear,
Too long for those who grieve,
Too short for those who rejoice,
But for those who love · · ·
Time is Eternity.